Life cycle assessment

The basic idea of LCA is that all environmental burdens connected with a product or service have to be assessed, back to the raw materials and down to waste removal. Therefore, the term “Life Cycle Assessment” is more precise than the German “?kobilanz” or the French “écobilan”. This basic idea is undoubtedly true, and LCA is the only environmental assessment tool which avoids positive ratings for measurements which only consists in the shifting of burdens. In the years from 1990 to 1993, SETAC and SETAC-Europe shaped the development of LCA in a series of important workshops culminating in the “Code of Practice” of 1993. The results of these workshops can be illustrated by the famous SETAC-triangle. It shows the basic structure which is now underlying the standardizing activities of ISO: 1. Goal definition and scoping, 2. Inventory analysis, 3. Impact assessment, 4. Improvement assessment. The structure recently defined by ISO differs from the SETAC structure only in the last element which is called “Interpretation” in the international standard 14040. According to ISO, “Improvement Assessment” is only one of the many activities which may follow LCA but is not part of the true analysis. The components of an LCA are described and interpreted in detail, SETAC vs. ISO. Recent developments and activities initiated by ISO, SPOLD and other organisations complete the review.     

火电厂烟气脱硝容量的合理性探讨

根据美国20世纪90年代初的电力生产及火电NOx的排放情况,并结合我国的实际情况及控制火电NOx排放的趋势,提出2010年和2020年我国火电NOx排放总量控制目标,预测满足火电NOx控制目标的合理的火电厂烟气脱硝容量.     

浙北地区深水岸线资源的合理开发利用

本文通过对浙北地区深水岸线资源特点和国内外经济、贸易、港口、海运现状及发展趋势的综合分析,阐述了浙北地区深水岸线资源开发利用的迫切性和港口建设目标,认为:①宁波—舟山岸线是我国沿海少有的深水岸线,适宜开发建成为我国沿海大型、深水、综合性中转枢纽港;②乍浦—独山岸线亦有其独特的优势,是开辟上海港新港区的理想岸线。此外,本文还对具体的开发步骤和合理利用岸线的若干问题提出了意见。     

工业建设项目环境预审方法研究

实践证明,环境预审在建设项目的前期环境管理中可以发挥重要的作用。然而,尽管环境预审目前在理论和原则方面已相对成熟,但由于缺乏科学的程序和方法支持,影响了其实际应用效果。对此,基于工业生态效率理论及其指标体系,提出了工业建设项目环境预审方法,主要包括理论框架、工作程序、指标体系构建、评价标准的确定及综合评价等内容。进而,结合广州市南沙开发区钢铁工业建设项目环境预审,对该套程序和方法进行了实际应用和检验。     

某高边坡变形破坏机制及整治对策探讨

反倾边坡的稳定性通常较好,但砂窝子高边坡因气候条件恶劣、地质条件复杂、人类工程活动剧烈而发生了大面积的浅表部变形,和一定规模的深部变形,对都江堰至汶川拟建公路的建设构成严重威胁。作者结合现场调查和地质勘察资料,分析了该高边坡的工程地质条件、水文地质条件、岩土体结构特征、以及边坡的变形破坏迹象,归纳出该边坡的变形破坏模式为压缩—倾倒弯曲—错动型,并在此基础上提出了合理的边坡整治方案建议。     

A method of analysis of macro water environmental systems

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川藏公路西藏境内溜砂坡防治工程研究

溜砂是一种特殊的坡面破坏与堆积形式,它是陡峭坡面基岩上寒冻风化形成的砂粒、碎石或者砂砾夹石块在重力作用下沿斜坡滚动、溜动与堆积的过程。主要发生在川藏公路西藏境内沿线较为干旱的花岗岩山区,因其稳定性差,溜砂活动较为频繁,成为造成该公路断通的重要灾害之一。文章针对青藏高原处于大规模抬升阶段、斜坡不断生长的地貌特征,提出了溜砂坡新的成因分类方案,分析了溜砂坡的形成条件,对溜砂坡的工程防治进行论述,提出了目前条件下生长型溜砂坡合理的防治对策,对确保川藏公路的畅通有指导意义。     

采空区对地表建筑物的影响评价方法研究

为研究金属矿山采动灾害影响,论述了金属矿山采空区上覆岩层移动对地表建筑物影响评价理论和技术方法,即"三带理论"、岩石移动带理论和数值模拟方法;指出了金属矿山空区稳定性和岩石移动的主要影响因素。结合某铁矿采空区的实际情况,综合应用这3种方法对该铁矿进行了定性、定量评价。分析3种评价方法的特点,旨在探索金属矿山的采动影响评价方法,以便保护矿区附近建筑物的安全,减小采动灾害对矿山企业及附近居民生命财产损失。     

社区大气污染物排放总量控制研究

为了寻求社区大气污染物排放总量控制的方法和可行途径,在污染源调查的基础上,以城市多源大气扩散模式（ＩＳＣＳＴ）为建模工具,采用以“总量控制线性方程组”作为约束条件的线性规划方法,对控制北京市西城区大气污染物排放总量达到环境目标的几种方案作了分析,如燃烧优质煤和天然气等。同时,给出了总量控制管理信息系统的结构图和功能图。     

Distinct effects of intrinsic motivation and extrinsic rewards on radical and incremental creativity: The moderating role of goal orientations

Previous studies have investigated the role of intrinsic motivation and extrinsic rewards in enhancing employee creativity. However, the possibility that these motivational factors affect the creativity of different types remains largely unexplored, particularly in the organizational settings. Moreover, the potential that personality traits may moderate the function of these motivational factors toward creativity is another underresearched area. By drawing on the person–situation interaction perspective, we propose that both intrinsic motivation and extrinsic rewards predict creativity but of different types. Thus, we diverge from the view that creativity is a uniform criterion domain by adopting the distinction between radical and incremental creativity. Our empirical analysis of 220 independent employee–supervisor dyads confirmed that intrinsic motivation and extrinsic rewards predict radical and incremental creativity, respectively. Moreover, the effects of intrinsic motivation on radical and incremental creativity are more positive for employees with higher learning goal orientation. By contrast, the effect of extrinsic rewards on incremental creativity is more positive for employees with higher performance goal orientation. This study offers elaborate and nuanced perspectives and insights into the role of different motivational processes in the development of different types of creativity.